LITERATURE IN THE STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE |
A.
Literature Review Ontologically
The
main branch of metaphysics is ontology, the study of the categorization of
things in nature and the relationships between one another. Metaphysicians also
seek to clarify human thoughts about the world, including existence,
materiality, nature, space, time, causality, and possibilities.
Branch
Ontology, which is located within the region. The word Ontology comes from
Greece, which is to say that there is and logos which means science. Thus,
ontology can be interpreted as the science of existence. Questions concerning
this area include: what is the object of science? What is the essence of the
object? How is the relationship between the object with the capture power of
human beings that produce knowledge and knowledge?
Ontology
is one of the most ancient philosophical studies and comes from Greece. The
study discusses the existence of something concrete. Greek figures who have an
ontological view are like Thales, Plato, and Aristotle. In his time, most
people have not distinguished between apparitions and reality. And the ontology
approach in philosophy culminates in some understandings, namely: (1) The idea
of a divided monism into idealism or spiritualism; (2) The idea of dualism,
and (3) pluralism with its various nuances, is ontological understanding.
The
science ontology confines itself to the scientific study space that human
beings can think rationally and which can be observed through the five senses
of man. The area of science ontology is limited to the scope of human
scientific knowledge. While the study of the object of study that is within the
boundaries of prapengalaman (like human creation) and pascapengalaman (like
heaven and hell) become ontology from other knowledge outside you. Some streams
in the field of ontology, namely realism, naturalism, empiricism.
Ontologically,
the writings of either poetry, prose, short story, essay, novel and others
depart from the point of departure personal experience of the author. Writing
has a form as a text filled with various complexities of a personal
interpretation of the author. The writing that ultimately has a form as a
literature is one of the art form of a writer intending to convey a set of
messages to his readers by departing from the ontological departing point. All
literature in the form of text can basically be studied at the level of sign,
structure, style, until the meaning. Symptoms of the use of signs and / or symbols
in literature are examined through semiotics. Symptoms of structures in
literature are assessed through flow analysis or structural analysis. Symptoms
of the style of language in literature are examined through Stilistic, while
the phenomena of meaning in literature are examined through Hermeneutics and
text analysis. The study can serve as a foundation that proves the scientific
facts of a literature or literature as it can be studied scientifically.
Ontology,
literature according to S. Brahmana in (http://brahmanamedan.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/48/),
has five foundations that can be studied in various perspectives. Are as
follows:
1.
Literature as a language
2.
Literature as art
3.
Literature as communication
4.
Literature as a symbol
5.
Literature as entertainment
Literature
or writing is a science that can be accounted for.
B.
Literature Registration Epistemology
Epistemology
is a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods and
limits of human knowledge (a branch of philosophy that investigates the origin,
nature, methods and limits of human knowledge). Epistemology is also called the
theory of knowledge. Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning
"knowledge", "true knowledge", "intellectual knowledge",
and logos = theory. Epistemology can be defined as a branch of philosophy that
studies the origin or source, structure, method and validity of knowledge.
Epistemology,
which is within the realm of knowledge. The word Epistemology comes from
Greece, the episteme which means way and logos which means science. Thus,
epistemology can be interpreted as the science of how a scientist will build
his knowledge. Questions concerning this area include: what is the process that
allows knowledge to be gained knowledge? What is the procedure? For this, we
will lead to the branch of methodology philosophy.
The
problems in epistemology are: 1) What is knowledge ?; 2) How can man know
something ?; 3) Where does that knowledge come from? 4) How is the validity of
the knowledge can be dinitai? 5) What is the difference between a priori
knowledge (pre-experience knowledge) and a posteriori knowledge (experience
knowledge) ?; 6) What is the difference between: belief, knowledge, opinion,
fact, reality, error, shadow, idea, truth, probability, certainty?
Steps
in the epistemology of science include deductive thinking and parent-tif.
Deductive thinking provides a rational nature of scientific knowledge and is
consistent with previously pre-identified knowledge. The systematic and
cumulative knowledge of science is prepared step by step by constructing
arguments about something new based on existing knowledge. Consistently and
coherently, science tries to give a rational explanation to the objects that
are in the focus of study.
Literature
or writing is a cultural product that plays an important role in the
civilization of mankind, so literature in this context becomes directly
involved in culture-even forming the culture itself. The essence of a writing
or the essence of a literature and culture is the essence of fiction and fact.
Literature is built on the basis of imagination that comes directly from the
actual state of both the implicit and the explicit, so as to elaborate the
realities of space and time as a writing is born.
Based
on the above meanings, a writing or literature as an epistemological fact is
based on the personal meaning of the author in scientific. A writing or
literature obtains its scientific awareness from the sense of writing to
something consciously. And it implies that a literature and literature are
built on or through a subtle epistymological basis.
The
epistemology of a literature is highly dependent on the ontology we understand.
If we regard literature as a language, then the epistemology is the sciences of
linguistic. When we consider literature as art, the epistemology is the arts.
If we consider literature as communication, then its epistemology is the
science of communication. If we regard literature as a symbol, then its
epistemology is the sciences of symbols. When we consider literature as
entertainment, the epistemology is the popular culture sciences.
In
terms of epistemolgi gave birth to many methods of literary review. For
example, structuralism, semiotics, hermeneutics, sociology, sociology,
sociology, sociology, sociology, sociology, sociology, Doactic, semantic,
traditional, intentional, existential, general, particularic, comparative,
doctrinal, sequential, thematic, evaluative, judicial, inductive,
impressionistic, sociocultural, mythical, relativistic, textual, linguistic,
elusidatory, political / ideological, Brahmin, "Literature As A Discipline
of Science").
C.
Literature Is Seen Axiology
Axiology
is derived from the Greek word axios which means value and logos which means
theory. Thus axiology is "the theory of values" (Proverbs Bakhtiar,
2004: 162). Axiology is defined as a theory of values relating to the
usefulness of acquired knowledge (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 2000: 105). According
to Bramel in Proverbs Bakhtiar (2004: 163) axiology is divided into three
parts: First, moral conduct, the moral act that gives birth to ethics; Keduei,
- esthetic expression, the expression of beauty, Third, the socio-political
life, the social-political life, which will give birth to socio-political
philosophy.
Axiology,
which is within the value area. The word axiology comes from Greece, namely
axion which means value and logos which means science. Thus, axiology can be
interpreted as a science of the ethical values of a scientist. Questions
concerning this area include: what knowledge is it used for? What is the
connection between how to use it with moral rules? How is the determination of
the object under study based on moral choices? What is the relation between the
scientific method used with moral and professional norms? That way, we will
lead to the branch of Ethics philosophy.
In
the Encyclopedia of Philosophy it is explained that axiology is equated with
value and valuation. There are three forms of value and valuation, namely: 1)
Values, as an abstract noun; 2) Values as concrete nouns; 3) Values are
also used as verbs in the expression of judgment.
Axiom
is understood as a value theory in its development to give birth to a polemic
about the freedom of knowledge to value or what can be called as value
neutrality. Instead, there is a kind of knowledge based on the value attachment
or better known as the value bound. Now which is superior between the
neutrality of knowledge and knowledge based on the attachment of value.
The
neutrality of science rests only on the basis of the epistemology of the king:
If black says black, if it turns white say white; Without taking sides with
anyone other than to the real truth. While ontologically and axiologically, the
scientist must be able to judge between good and bad, which essentially
requires him to determine attitudes (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 2000: 36).
Seen
from the point of axiology, literature must have the following ethical values:
1)
Literature should reflect and foster a sense of beauty.
2)
Literature should guide the nation's conquest and integrity.
3)
Literature should lead to the spiritual development of the nation.
4)
Literature should provide information for problems in society.
5)
Literature must create new ideas and ideas.
6)
Literature must be able to provide entertainment for the people (the audience).
Then the axiology of literature is the six elements above.
Whether
these six elements are in a literature or not is another matter.
Axiologically
an article or literature has ethical values for its own authors as its
creator who is consciously placing ethical values in the aesthetic values
embodied in a literature or writing. It axiologically has endorsed a writing
or literature as one of the works that can be accounted for in a scientific
way.
Systematic
is one of the characteristics of science. In general, science must be
accountable for its validity objectively. Broadly speaking, according to
Science Jujun S. Suriasumantri, knowledge is the result of constant observation,
because it does not provide a place for critical assessment and testing by
others, thus not systematic and not objective and not universal. While Science
is a conceptual framework or a theory of interrelated money that provides a
place of assessment and testing critically with scientific methods by other
experts in the same field, thus being systematic, objective, and universal.
A
writing or literature can be proved as a science because it can be proven
through ontological, epistimological, and axiological facts. Because according
to S. Brahmana (http://brahmanamedan.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/48/), literature
is as a discipline, standing and parallel to other disciplines. While the
independence of literature as a science-literature, depending on the dynamics
contained in the literature, because (the work) literature can be seen,
approached, discussed from various angles and interests.
D.
Conclude
1).
Theology is the essence, essence or essence. Ontology discusses the essence,
essence or essence of so-called knowledge or in other words ontology examines
the 'true reality' of knowledge. So the question is in the ontology is the
essence or essence or essence of pengethuan it. For example whether the
essence, the essence of literature, what is the essence, the essence of
communication and so forth
2)
Ontologically, all literature in the form of text can basically be studied at
the level of sign, structure, style, until the meaning. Symptoms of the use of
signs and / or symbols in literature are examined through semiotics. Symptoms
of structures in literature are assessed through flow analysis or structural
analysis. Symptoms of the style of language in literature are examined through
Stilistic, while the phenomena of meaning in literature are examined through Hermeneutics
and text analysis. The study can be used as a foundation that proves the
scientific facts of a writing or literature because it can be studied
scientifically
3)
Epistemology is the systematic knowledge of knowledge (A. M.W Pranarka, 1987:
3). Epistemology examines the validity (validity) and limits of science.
Science is knowledge gained through a certain process called scientific method.
This scientific method is the first two methods of deduction and both methods
of deduction.
4)
Literature can be viewed as an epistemological fact based on the personal
meaning of the author in scientific. If we regard literature as a language,
then the epistemology is the sciences of linguistic. When we consider
literature as art, the epistemology is the arts. If we consider literature as
communication, then its epistemology is the science of communication. If we
regard literature as a symbol, then its epistemology is the sciences of
symbols. When we consider literature as entertainment, the epistemology is the
popular culture sciences.
5)
Axiology or deontology is a philosophical review of normative matters. For
example the usefulness of science. What benefits or utility can be directly
perceived, whether not, the extent of the impact or influence on humans and so forth.
6)
Axiologically a literature or literature has ethical values for its own
authors as its creator who is consciously placing ethical values in the
aesthetic values embodied in a literature or writing. It axiologically has
endorsed a writing or literature as one of the works that can be accounted for
in a scientific way.
7)
A writing or literature can be proved as a science because it can be proven
through ontological, epistimological, and axiological facts. Because according
to S. Brahmana (http://brahmanamedan.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/48/), literature
is as a discipline, standing and parallel to other disciplines. While the
independence of literature as a science-literature, depending on the dynamics
contained in the literature, because (the work) literature can be seen,
approached, discussed from various angles and interests.
REFERENCE
Bakhtiar,
Proverbs. 2004. Philosophy of Science (revised edition). Jakarta: PT Raja
Grafindo Persada
Cangara,
Hafied. 2008. Introduction to Communication Studies. Revised Edition. Jakarta.
Raja Grafindo Persada.
Effendy,
Onong Uchyana. 1994. Science Communication, Theory and Practice. Bandung. Youth
Rosdakarya.
Effendy.,
Onong Uchjana, 2000, Science, Theory and Philosophy of Communication, Publisher
PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung.
Mulyana,
Deddy. 2001. Communication Science: An Introduction. Bandung. Youth Rosdakarya
..
Suhartono,
Suparlan. 2005. Philosophy of Science. Yogyakarta: Ar Ruzz.
Suriasumantri,
Jujun S, 1985, Philosophy of Science A Popular Introduction, Publisher of Sinar
Harapan, Jakarta
Http://brahmanamedan.wordpress.com/2009/11/22/48/,
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